Marcadores Bioquímicos en la Detección Temprana de la Enfermedad Renal Crónica en Pacientes con Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61616/rvdc.v6i2.832Palavras-chave:
daño renal, diabetes, biomarcador, cistatina CResumo
La enfermedad renal crónica en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 representa una complicación microvascular silenciosa que requiere detección temprana para prevenir la progresión hacia insuficiencia renal terminal, siendo los biomarcadores tradicionales como la creatinina sérica limitados debido a su tardía elevación cuando ya existe daño renal significativo. El objetivo fue identificar los marcadores bioquímicos, su sensibilidad, especificidad y correlacion entre la patologia ye biomarcador, para la detección temprana de enfermedad renal crónica en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Se realizó una revisión documental descriptiva y explicativa mediante búsqueda en PubMed, Elsevier y Google Académico, seleccionando 50 estudios de 96 inicialmente identificados (2020-2025) que cumplieron criterios de inclusión específicos sobre biomarcadores para detección temprana de nefropatía diabética, extrayendo información sobre tipo de biomarcador, sensibilidad, especificidad, estadio de ERC detectado y características poblacionales. Los resultados revelaron que los marcadores más utilizados en Latinoamérica son la tasa de filtración glomerular, cistatina C, microalbuminuria y creatinina sérica, con la cistatina C demostrando sensibilidad del 91-99% y especificidad del 87-88%, mientras que biomarcadores emergentes como NGAL (lipocalina asociada a gelatinasa de neutrófilos) alcanzaron sensibilidad del 92-95% y especificidad del 94-95%, y el cociente albúmina-creatinina urinaria mostró hasta 100% en ambos parámetros. Los biomarcadores inflamatorios como TNFR-1, TNFR-2 e IL-18 demostraron correlaciones estadísticamente significativas (p<0.01) con la progresión del daño renal, confirmando la superioridad de los marcadores emergentes sobre los tradicionales para la detección precoz de nefropatía diabética.
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