Resiliencia y capacidades adaptativas del turismo rural comunitario del altiplano peruano frente a perturbaciones múltiples
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61616/rvdc.v7i2.1697Palavras-chave:
Capacidad adaptativa, perturbaciones, Perú, resiliencia, TiticacaResumo
El turismo rural comunitario del altiplano puneño enfrentó, entre 2020 y 2023, una sucesión poco frecuente de perturbaciones de naturaleza sanitaria, climática y social, cuyo efecto conjunto no ha sido suficientemente examinado por la literatura especializada. Este artículo teórico revisa la producción académica sobre resiliencia y capacidad adaptativa en el turismo comunitario, con énfasis en la tipología de capacidades absortivas, adaptativas y transformativas propuesta por Gabriel-Campos et al. (2021) para comunidades ecoturísticas peruanas. A partir de la sistematización de dicha literatura y de cifras institucionales sobre la afectación turística en la Reserva Nacional del Titicaca, se examina la pertinencia de este marco conceptual para interpretar la experiencia reciente de comunidades como Amantaní, Taquile, las islas de los Uros y Llachón. La revisión evidencia que la escasa diversificación productiva de estas comunidades redujo su margen de maniobra frente a perturbaciones sucesivas, y que la colaboración entre actores y la gestión de áreas protegidas constituyen factores asociados a una mejor capacidad de reacción. Se propone una matriz de indicadores observables para cada tipo de capacidad adaptativa, pensada como base operativa para futuras investigaciones de campo. El artículo cierra con una agenda de investigación orientada a validar empíricamente dicha matriz en comunidades específicas del lago Titicaca.
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